The American Of The Mexican War - 943 Words

In an effort to gain the Texas territory, Polk’s decision to declare war on Mexico was provoked by the Mexican government itself. His diplomatic course of action proved to have been in vain in an attempt to gain compromise and peace between America and Mexico. Regardless of the attempts made by the American government to peacefully coerce Mexico to relinquish the land, America was denied each and every time. Military presence was necessary in order to facilitate a greater respect from Mexico and to also offer additional protection for the Americans residing in Texas at the time; it was not meant by any means to act as a threat towards the Mexican government. Provided these facts, it can be assumed that the Mexican War was not an exercise in American imperialism, but rather, was instigated by the increasing fear felt by the Mexican government due to the lack of power within their own boundaries; this fear was further perpetrated by the fact that Mexico owed America money b ut could not pay, Mexico stepped onto American soil and fired the first shots, and that the majority of residents residing in Texas were in fact American citizens. Knowing that the internal framework of the Mexican government was very unstable, Polk guarded the borders with troops in order to intimidate them into complying with Congress’s request- not to engage in war. His use of military force was â€Å"designed less to protect Texas than to support an aggressive diplomacy which might extract aShow MoreRelatedMexican American War And The Mexican War1380 Words   |  6 PagesThe Mexican American war better known as the Mexican war, was a conflict between The united states of America and Mexico. from 1846 to 1848. It followed in the wake of the 1845 US annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory, despite the 1836 Texas revolution. After its independence in 1821 and brief experiment with monarchy, Mexico became a republic in 1824, characterized by considerable instability, so that when war broke out in 1846, Mexico was ill-prepared for this conflictRead MoreThe War With Mexican American War1328 Words   |  6 Pa gesThe war with Mexico is long remembered as an episode, and by no means is it an unimportant one. With the events that led up to its happening, from the Manifest Destiny to the disputes on territory, it has severely marked the United States. American historians regard the Mexican-American war as â€Å"the foulest blot on our national honor†. (sfmuseum.org) Unethical actions were taken gain Mexican territory. Polk and his hunger for land drove him to find some devious way to fight a war with Mexico. HisRead MoreThe American Of The Mexican American War Essay730 Words   |  3 Pages 1 Thomas Gordon The Mexican-American War 28 January 2015 US History University of Phoenix In 1846-1848 was the first time the U.S would fight a war on foreign soil, it was called the Mexican-American war. At this time Mexico was just starting to develop into a government and was extremely confused and leadership was split between decisions. While the U.S government was head over heels about pushing the country’s borders farther and farther across North America with onlyRead MoreMexican American War1560 Words   |  7 Pages1. How did American life during the period of the Age of the Common Man reflect both the influence of the frontier and the impact of newer rationalistic concepts? (Think inventions, religion, peace, prosperity, literature, art, education, etc) 2. Briefly define (no more than 1 paragraph each, some are a sentence or two): -The Mexican American War: The Mexican-American war was a fight for lad between the Untied States and Mexico where the United States defeated Mexico and gained over five hundredRead MoreThe American Of The Mexican American War Essay1470 Words   |  6 PagesThe Mexican-American War was a result from the rising conflict between Mexico and the United States on who has the rights for Texas after Texas gained its independence from Mexico on March 2, 1836. Before Texas annexed with the United States on December 29, 1845, it was an independent state with 9 years of being free from Mexico . Although Mexico never acknowledged Texas to secede from them, the Texans and the United States did so the U.S. decided to add Texas as the 28th state. After Texas gainedRead MoreThe Mexican and American War1953 Words   |  8 Pages The Mexican and American War â€Å"The United States had emerged as a modern capitalist nation, and the spirit of nationalism in the country was strong and growing† (Henderson 71). As tensions grew between the Unites States and Mexico, there was a thirst for war. The Unites States declared war with Mexico, because they owned land that Americans desired, resulting in America’s fulfillment of achieving their philosophy of â€Å"Manifest Destiny†. The blood boil of both countries caused a lot of bloodshedRead MoreThe American Of The Mexican American War1664 Words   |  7 PagesAileen Aguilar Professor Froese History 11 20 October 2016 The Mexican American War â€Å"No President who performs his duties faithfully and conscientiously can have any leisure.† –President James K Polk. The Manifest Destiny is believed to have the primary cause of western expansion in the United States during the 19th century.Read MoreThe American Of The Mexican American War1121 Words   |  5 PagesThe Mexican-American War was a gruesome and bloody battle involving the two major powers between the Americans and the Mexicans. The first major power was the annexation of Texas and the second power is the protection along with the acquisition of the territory. States provinces such as California, Texas and New Mexico is inherited by Mexico from Spain. Mexico government was weakened and practically bankrupt after the war and was unable to take control of their territories. Before the war startedRead MoreAmerican History : The Mexican American War1363 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout American History, started from Jamestown Americans started to settle upon Native American land by wiping them out or forcing them to move west. By 1846 throughout 1848, Americans approach Mexican territory’s land which they were eager to conquer and Manifest Density that was unstoppable and a goal for the United States. The conflict was the Mexicans weren t going to give up their land because of a selfish belief and were provoked to go to war against a stronger nation. A war broke outRead MoreAmerican History : The Mexican American War Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pagesformation of the United States, war has been a constant factor within the political sphere. From these wars the U.S obtained power, land, and status unseen and unparalleled by any civilization in humankind. One of the earliest wars that allowed the United States to grow into the global power it is today was the Mexican-American war. This war not only shaped American politics for decades, but also fueled the sectional crisis that culminated into the infamous Civil War. Being the new country’s first

Filippo Brunelleschi An Italian Architect And Engineer

Filippo Brunelleschi Historical Report – By Kristy C Biography: Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) was an Italian architect and engineer who was born in the city of Florence, Italy. He is regarded as a leading figure in the field of architecture and engineering during the Italian Renaissance period. Brunelleschi s significant and major achievements include rediscovering linear perspective which was lost during the Middle Ages, constructing the dome of the cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (or the Florence Cathedral), and creating new machines like the modern day skycrane which enabled to placement of bricks and other building materials with increased precision. He also contributed to the future of architecture by proposing original ideas which revolutionised people s way of building things and how the world viewed engineering forever. Brunelleschi s father was a prominent lawyer, and so Brunelleschi underwent an intense schooling of literature and mathematics to follow his father s footsteps as a civil servant, but eventually decided he wanted to become an artist and so join the silk merchant s guild (an art school). There, he was trained as a sculptor and goldsmith at first, but he then turned to focus on architecture after encountering a setback from when he did not win a designing competition for the bronze doors of the Florence Baptistery. During his time as a goldsmith, Brunelleschi mastered drawing, painting, wood carving, sculpture using silver/gold and manyShow MoreRelatedReading Comprehension Questions On The Dome1051 Words   |  5 PagesReading Comprehension questions 1. Prior to Brunelleschi, what were some of the challenges that engineers faced to complete the dome? No one knew how to build a dome that was so far across and they didn’t know if the dome would stay up without flying buttresses and pointed arches. They also didn’t know if there was enough timber in Tuscany for the scaffolding and templates that were necessary for shaping the dome’s masonry. There was also a chance that the dome would collapse inwards. 2. Who andRead MoreArt History: Filippo Brunelleschi Scuptor and Architect of the Renaissance Period1378 Words   |  6 PagesArt History: Renaissance Filippo Brunelleschi was one of the greatest sculptors and architects of the Renaissance. His architectural achievements consist of some of the most well known and impressive structures not only of the Renaissance, but today. Not only were his structures amazing, but during his time he also invented new technology that would allow for his structures to be built. What would happen if Brunelleschi never designed architecture? We would have lost his inventions, his structuresRead MoreThe Black Death Of The Middle East1456 Words   |  6 Pagesmillions in China, India, Persia (Iran), the Middle East, the Caucasus, and North Africa. To harm the citizens during a siege in 1346, Mongol armies may have thrown infected corpses over the city wall of Caffa, on the Crimean peninsula of the Black Sea. Italian traders from Genoa were also infected and returned home in 1347, introducing the Black Death into Europe. From Italy, the disease spread to France, Spain, Portugal, England, Germany, Russia , and Scandinavia. Depopulation and shortage of labor hastenedRead MoreThe Discovery Of The Perspective’S Rules In Visual Arts1686 Words   |  7 Pagesmany breakthroughs of the modern times. It was the bridge between the middle ages and the early modern period or more specifically the fifteenth century, during Italian Renaissance, when the law of perspective was first introduced, explained, published and started to become widely adopted by generations of artists, painters, artist-engineers and the like. Art historian and professor Samuel Edgerton, however, reminds that the event should be rather noted as the rediscovery of perspective since the majorRead More Patrons and Artisans of the Renaissance Period992 Words   |  4 PagesThe Renaissance period (1400 to 1700) covered art, literature, philosophy and government. Renaissance culture spread outwards from Florence, to other Italian cities and then, over the following centuries, to the rest of Europe. It is widely understood that it was a unique combination of several different influences that led to the Renaissance, with the social and political conditions of the era, combined with great wealth and the large number of talented artists and artisans in Florence; influencingRead MoreItalian Renaissance And The Renaissance910 Words   |  4 PagesIn the late 14th century to the 16th century, the Italian Renaissance was taking place and moving from the Middle Ages at a time when the Catholic Church was indomitable to a period called The Renaissance. After this â€Å"rebirth† in Italy began, it started spreading to other countries to then produce a French Renaissance, an English Renaissance, and so on. Italy served a sort of birth place for the Renaissance in European culture. During this time period, more and more people were placing humans asRead MoreThe Renaissance Period1592 Words   |  7 Pagesas Pope Paul III and Emperor Charles V. He died with the plaque in 1576. Michelangelo, Leonardo, and Raphael were all great painters and sculptures. Florence was the cultural epicenter for early Italian Renaissance art. During the fifteenth century the media spent astronomical sums of money on architects and artists. The wealthy merchants hired people to create art for their homes and churches. Antonio Pollaivolo was the first to paint many human bodies. He was considered a master. He did this inRead MoreComparison Of Masaccio And Raphael s The Holy Trinity ( Fig )1174 Words   |  5 PagesMasaccio’s frescos. Masaccio was born in 1401 and died unfortunately young in 1428. His full birth name is Tommasio di Ser Giovanni de Simone. He made a great contribution to Italian and Florentine art during the Quattrocento period of the Italian Renaissance. He worked alongside Filippo Brunelleschi an Italian architect and engineer. Together they created the idea of linear perspective with the influence of earlier artists such as Lorenzetti, Duccio and Gi otto brothers. Linear perspective helps to formRead MoreThe Renaissance Period1577 Words   |  7 Pagesas Pope Paul III and Emperor Charles V. He died with the plaque in 1576. Michelangelo, Leonardo, and Raphael were all great painters and sculptures. Florence was the cultural epicenter for early Italian Renaissance art. During the fifteenth century the media spent astronomical sums of money on architects and artists. The wealthy merchants hired people to create art for their homes and churches. Antonio Pollaivolo was the first to paint many human bodies. He was considered a master. He did this inRead MoreThe Urban Renewal Project Of Paris, Caillebotte Painted Paris Street ; Rainy Day ( Fig )1920 Words   |  8 Pagessingle points along the horizon. In the early 1400s, Italian engineer and architect, Filippo Brunelleschi, rediscovered and improved the system of perspective as a mathematical technique to recreate depth and form within a picture plane. According to the principles, establishing one or more vanishing points can enable an artist to draw the parallels of an object to recede and converge, thus disappearing into a â€Å"distance†. In 1412, Brunelleschi demonstrated this technique to the public when he used

Puritan Dbq Outline Free Essays

Emily Deluzio December 7, 2012 I. Introduction: As the 1630’s came into the world, documented charters materialized into homes, farms, and churches that created the colonies of the New World. The thriving settlers made it their goal to speed up the process of the reformation of their church, as worship was a ritual part of their everyday life. We will write a custom essay sample on Puritan Dbq Outline or any similar topic only for you Order Now The clergymen lead the colony both in church and in everyday life, as they were the most respected profession at that time. As the colonies grew larger in size, the settlers farmed the essential crops that the land could provide and traded both locally and through a transatlantic route to the motherland, Great Britain. The Puritan religious views helped influence the economic and political systems in New England, as well as the social development. II. The economic system of the Puritan settlers was helped shape by the views of the Puritan faith A. DOCUMENT I 1. Their Puritan faith gives the settlers their drive to succeed and work hard, which ends in profit for the farmers who spend their time away from the church in the fields. . The Puritans made it their goal to be good Christians so they can go to heaven. If the Puritan faith says that they need to follow the rules to become one the elect people that go to heaven, then the Puritans will work as hard as they can to present themselves as good Christians. 3. This helped the Puritans become financially stable and made them believe that they were helping G od in seeing that they were fit to be in the elect group. B. DOCUMENT C 1. Promising also unto our best ability to teach our children and servants the knowledge of God, and of His Will, that they may serve Him also† 2. John Winthrop called their settlement a â€Å"city upon a hill†, meaning that they were going to be close to God in every way. Them making their agriculture flourish and boosting their economic status is their way of following God’s will and serving him. 3. Feeling connected to God is one of the Puritans’ religious goals. III. In the settlement’s political system, religion was dominant at all times. A. DOCUMENT G 1. That state that will give liberty of conscience in matters of religion, must give liberty of conscience and conversation in their moral laws, or else the fiddle will be out of tune, and some of the strings crack† 2. At this time, there was religious persecution. There were settlers that did not believe that the Purit ans were absolutely correct in how they ran the colony based off of religion. 3. If the government made tolerant effort for the freethinkers to think what is on their minds, then they needed to have an open mind for others’ freedom requests. B. DOCUMENT H 1. â€Å"for whatever transcendent power is given will certainly overrun those that give it and those that receive it†¦ It is therefore fit for every man to be studious of the bounds which the Lord hath set† 2. In the settlers’ eyes, the almighty powerful is God. If one man had too much power, it could look like he is undermining how the almighty powerful God is not as mighty if a commoner as almost as much power as him. 3. People with too much power will abuse it and make laws that will not help the colony IV. A. DOCUMENT A 1. †if wee shall deale falsely with our God in this worke wee have undertaken, and soe cause him to withdrawe his present help from us, wee shall be made a story and a by-word through the world† 2. During this period of time, the Indians were the owners of the land in what would be known today as New England. The Puritans needed a plot of land to live on once they moved to the New World. When they found the Indians, God’s approval and presence was what fueled the actions that lead to the colonization and settlement. 3. The colonists felt that God was on their side and was assisting them in the defeat of the Indians that were previously living on the land that the colonists were moving to. This mindset is what fueled many attacks the British enacted towards the Indians. B. DOCUMENT B 1. The Church was in the center of their settlement. 2. The colonists took at least two trips to the Church a day. It was in an easy-to-get location for all colonists. 3. The colonists all lived in tightly knit neighborhoods and each family their own allotted space to farm on the outskirts of the colony. C. DOCUMENT E 1. One of the next things we longed for, and looked after was to advance Learning, and perpetuate it to Posterity† 2. The colonists are adjusted to their new life and are looking to advance in different aspects of everyday life. Education was not a huge priority for the colonists because the two largest concerns were the Church and farming to help the economy. 3. The colonists wanted to increase the opportunities of learning how to read and write for the boys in the colony. There cannot be an illiterate priest, because they would not be able to read and lead the morning and evening masses. V. Conclusion: Religion influenced the Puritans’ way of life and the economic and political systems in the New England colony in the 1630s through the 1660s. God was always priority in every action in the colony. The economy system was built of the thought of God’s approval. Religion was brought into politics, affecting how it was ultimately functioned. God was dominant over everyday activities like education and farming. As more colonies came to be in the New World, the Puritan colony grew over time to be one of the most successful models of how a colony should function. How to cite Puritan Dbq Outline, Papers

Retail Trade Forms a Key Element for Any Economy The Economy

Question: How Retail Trade Forms A Key Element for Economy The Economy ? Answer: Introduction Retail trade forms a key element for any economy including the Australian economy. As a result, the article which corresponds to reporting of the same for January 2017 has been selected. The article not only contains data about retail trade for the month of January but also presents various data in the form of a time series which enables the reader to put the observations in perspective. Also, the various factors that have contributed to the retail trade figure recorded in the article have also been briefly highlighted. The objective of the given essay is to focus on the use of various statistical techniques associated with data summarization and presentation along with highlighting any potential improvements. Analysis The given data has been researched by CBA or Commonwealth Bank of Australia with the aid of various primary sources. Since the article contains only numeric data which has a well defined zero, hence the appropriate data type applicable to the given case is ratio. With regards to representation of the selected data both graphical methods and narratives have been mixed so as to deliver optimum information in the least possible space (Flick, 2015). In summarizing any given data which highlights values at different time, a graphical representation would be most suited to draw comparisons and conclusions in an easy manner. As a result, the time series of the retail data representing the value of retail trade on a monthly basis of the previous years, a graphical illustration has been used which reflects a large amount of data in a convenient and interpretable manner. Also, the article selected has extensive use of descriptive data as the focus is to summarize and represent the data already available. This is nt limited not only to the use of various measures of central tendency such as average but also encompasses use of various techniques in order to explore the association between dependent and independent variables. The use of inferential statistics is not required in the given article as the objective is not on drawing inferences but rather representing the available information in the most concise yet informative manner (Erik sson Kovalainen, 2015). The concept of variation has been extensively used as the retail trade data is based on the same. This is apparent from the fact that it essentially denotes the change from the value in the previous month expressed in percentage terms. The given article tends to represent a host of these percentage values since the monthly values from the previous years have also been stated so as to foster better understanding of the data in a particular context. With regards to the central tendency, the growth rate over the last ten years has been indicated. In deriving the various relation between certain variables of interest, the descriptive statistics have been used as the objective is not to develop an all encompassing theoretical model but only explanation for the current month based on the available data for relevant independent variables identified through literature review (Hastie, Tibshirani Friedman, 2011). It would have been better it the current brief at the end could have offered some futuristic perspective aiming at the next quarter or so. It is possible to assume reasonable accuracy over such a short term. Besides, it would have been better If along with goods and services, the trend of a few significant goods could have been captured which would reflect on the contributory factors and enhance future prediction for the users (Flick, 2015). Summary The article selected focused on representation of the data concerning the retail data for the month of January in the year 2017. However, to allow the readers to make the sense of the data the same has been represented in the form of a time series so as to allow making key conclusions. The data type deployed in ratio with extensive use of graphs for presentation a summary picture of the relevant data facilitating not only comparison with past values but a movement witnessed in various states also. The article involves wide usage of various descriptive statistics as the key objective is to represent the available data rather than to draw any conclusions about any population. Also, there has been wide usage of variation with the retail trade itself being measured in % terms using variation from previous month. Additional information regarding future values would enhance the utility of the given document and thus should be considered. References Eriksson, P. Kovalainen, A. (2015).Quantitative methods in business research (3rded.). London: Sage Publications. Flick, U. (2015).Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project (4thed.). New York: Sage Publications. Hair, J. F., Wolfinbarger, M., Money, A. H., Samouel, P., Page, M. J. (2015).Essentials of business research methods (2nded.). New York: Routledge. Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R. Friedman, J. (2011).The Elements of Statistical Learning (4thed.).New York: Springer Publications.

Hitler vs. Stalin free essay sample

Due to Stalin’s persistent tyrannical and obsessive paranoia in administering this government, his legacy proves to be more pertinent than his western counterpart due to the economic growth throughout his country, military achievement reached in the Second World War, the effects of Public memory that ensued and lastly, the ultimate spread of communism over the world. After the Russian Revolution Lenin had set up the NEP or the New Economic Plan. Though this new policy proved to work, Stalin terminated the NEP for his five-year plan. This five-year plan proved to be deadly or extremely harmful for the people of Russia. Many farmers and citizens died from starvation and were exiled because of this five-year plan. During the second five-year plan Stalin granted rewards for citizens who exceeded their quotas to encourage hard work and other citizens to work hard. Though Hitler had also raised his war-torn country’s economy, and brought his fellow Germans a better lifestyle, Joseph Stalin had focused on profitability rather than well being of his citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on Hitler vs. Stalin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However the economic growth did lead Russia and its army to afford better military equipment as well as new technologies and new artillery, necessary to defeat Hitler and the Nazis. After World War I the Russian Military and economy underwent dramatic transitions as well as Germany. From poor artillery, arms shortage, and a general lack of resources, the Russians went from being the joke of European military to the biggest threat and superpower during the Second World War. The use of the NEP and five-year plan-though were horrible on the society- worked in the construction of a new Russia that was so technologically behind the rest of the world. Russia was a key element in the defeat of Germany in the Second World War. The ‘Great Patriotic War’, rightly named in that it had created a Soviet motherland, had forged to its peoples and the groups into a community. † Winning the war against Germany was obviously good for the moral of all the Russian people because it brought as sense of unity and power as well as confidence in themselves as a nation. Hitler and Germany also had dramatic changes to their wealth and way of life. Germany had gone thro ugh a revolution as well, with the rise of Hitler and the Nazi party. The revolution had been accompanied by terror and violence, costing the lives of hundreds of its opponents and depriving thousands of their freedom or homeland. † This is known as the Nazi revolution. Hitler had signed the bill of â€Å"Protection of State and People, which revoked the rights of the German people and gave Hitler ultimately more power to do s he pleased. This power led Hitler to gain the advantage over his opponents and later led him to eliminate his enemies. When people hear World War II many automatically relate it to the Holocaust nd Adolf Hitler being the spawn of Satan with his evil intentions and mass murders. However â€Å"History is written by the victors† (Winston Churchill) and although the stories of Stalin have not gone unwritten, they were just not mentioned as much. The general assumption is that Hitler was just incredibly insane to hate a culture so much to kill them by the millions, but he may not even be able to compare to Stalin. â€Å"Stalin was greedy for power and to establish his power, he eliminated first of all adversaries, then seized by a mad lust for blood as he struck at the whole soviet peo ple†. Although Adolf Hitler is no hero and sent millions of people to their death, there is no source saying that he intentionally killed millions of Germans for his Lust for power. He may have leaded them to their death through warfare and stubbornness of battle strategies, but did not starve them to death like Stalin did with his five-year plans. However Hitler was a very passionate speaker as well as courageous for his country. â€Å"He is quite unselfish, and has infinite courage- I disbelieve the stories which would have it otherwise† which would make it seem as though he had more of an impact on the twentieth century. Another impact that Stalin had on Europe and the world during the twentieth century was the spread of communism arising in countries like China, Korea Cuba, Etc. meanwhile fascism died in Germany with the Nazi party. Communism arose in many Eastern Europe countries and other countries under Russian rule as well. After the war, Stalin took his spoils and split Berlin in half with the Berlin wall. The Soviets then found themselves stuck in an arms race with the United States to ensure them to be the super power of the world. The United States wanted to open Free Trade with every one in the world while the Soviets preferred to shield off their resources from international trade. Stalin feared that trade with the west would let Russia be open to influences of the west which would have overpowered the strength of Stalin’s Regime. In conclusion when comparing the careers of Hitler and Stalin it is safe to assume that the impact of Stalin was greater than that of Hitler. Though Hitler did triumph at accelerating Germany’s failing economy, as well as conquer much of Europe, he did not live to see his plan reach and end and committed suicide at the end of WWII. Joseph Stalin on the other hand gained control of his nation at an earlier time in history and had ended his reign later than Adolf Hitler. Though Stalin did influence and impact the twentieth century more than Hitler, much of the impact Stalin caused would be missing had it not been for Hitler. A fair assessment would be to state that the impact of both these dictatorships impacted the twentieth century and had Hitler not been involved with this specific time period, Stalin’s impact of the twentieth century would not be as important. Bibliography Snyder, Timothy.

Department of Education

Department of Education Free Online Research Papers The Department of Education’s purpose is to establish policy for, administer and coordinate most federal assistance to education. Its mission is to ensure equal access to education and to promote educational excellence throughout the nation (wikipedia.org). The Department carries out its mission in two ways. First, the Department pursues goals of access and excellence through the administration of programs that cover every area of education and range from preschool education through postdoctoral research (ED.gov). Second, the Secretary and the Department are constantly engaging in national discussion over how to improve the quality of education for all students (ED.gov) Originally, the Department of Education was founded in 1867 to assemble information on schools and teaching that would assist all states to create effective school systems (wikipedia.org). They were able to do this by providing for teachers, school administrators and education policymakers a platform on which to share with one another the latest discoveries in what works with teaching and learning and helping communities work out solutions to difficult educational issues (ED.gov). In October 1979, The Department of Education Organization Act was passed into law. This law mandated that the United States organize and create a cabinet level agency that would assist the President in making policy decisions involving education. In May of 1980, Congress established the US Department of Education, called ED (wikipedia.org). The U.S. Department of Education serves an astronomical number of individuals. All of the individuals in the United States and then anyone else who may be looking to come to this country for an education who is willing to pick up the phone or look on the internet to ask for help. The U.S. Department of Education is willing to help individuals of all ages (Monica). â€Å"We serve students from low income families through grants, infants, toddlers, children, and adults, through No Child Left Behind. We serve any student who qualifies for grants and loans through our FAFSA grants and loans. We serve parents, teachers, and education administrators, through our many websites and publications of the U.S. Department of Education† (Monica). It serves around 4,200 of the federal government’s employees. There are an estimated 37.9 million primary school students (grades 1-6), 16.5 million secondary school students (grades 7-12), and 17.5 million post-secondary school stude nts (college level). Combined, that’s an estimated 76.8 million students (wikipedia.org). Currently the Department of Education administers a budget of 62.6 billion dollars. The budget has of course changed somewhat since the department’s inception. Looking at Table 1 (ED.gov) will show just how drastic the change has been from then until now! The Department of Education’s structure is very complex. The official title of the head of the Department is the Secretary of Education. The Secretary must be nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Secretary is a member of the President’s cabinet and the Department’s public figure with the task of promoting public understanding of the goals and objectives of the Department. The Secretary also advises the President on federal policies, programs, and activities related to education in the United States. The PresidentAs a member of the Presidents cabinet, the Secretary is the principal advisor to the president on federal policies, programs, and activities related to education in the United States. The secretary is nominated by the President and must be confirmed by the Senate. The Secretary is aided in the overall management of the Department by the Deputy Secretary and Under Secretary. The Secretary also appoints an Assistant Secretary to oversee each of the eight program offices. They are as follows (See Table 2. usinfo.org): ? The Office of English Language Acquisition, Language Enhancement, and Academic Achievement for Limited English Proficient Students administers programs designed to enable students with limited English proficiency to become proficient in English and meet challenging state academic content and student achievement standards (ED.gov). ? The Office for Civil Rights enforces federal statutes that prohibit discrimination in educational programs and activities receiving federal financial assistance. (ED.gov). ? The Office of Educational Research and Improvement supports research and demonstration projects to improve education; collects and analyzes education statistics; disseminates information on research findings and education statistics; and provides technical assistance to those working to improve education (ED.gov). ? The Office of Elementary and Secondary Education is responsible for providing leadership, technical assistance, and financial support to state and local education agencies for the maintenance and improvement of both public and private preschool, elementary, and secondary education. OESE administers programs designed to advance the academic opportunities of the nations neediest children (ED.gov). ? The Office of Postsecondary Education is responsible for formulating federal postsecondary education policy and administering grant programs and other initiatives that provide assistance to postsecondary education institutions for reform, innovation, and improvement. OPE is also responsible for the accrediting agency recognition process and for coordinating with the states on matters that affect institutional participation in federal financial assistance programs (ED.gov). ? The Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services provides support for programs designed to educate children with special needs; provides for the rehabilitation of youths and adults with disabilities; and supports research to improve the lives of individuals with disabilities, regardless of age (ED.gov). ? The Office of Federal Student Aid administers the systems and products related to providing billions of dollars annually in federal financial aid to millions of students pursuing postsecondary education and training opportunities. The office provides information and forms for students applying for loans, grants, and work-study funds, as well as technical information for financial aid administrators, lending institutions, auditors, and others in the field. In 1998, this office became the first performance-based organization in the federal government, with increased accountability for results and greater flexibility in operations (ED.gov). ? The Office of Vocational and Adult Education supports a wide range of programs and activities that prepare people for employment and that provide adults with basic skills necessary to obtain a high school diploma or the equivalent (ED.gov). The very first Secretary of Education was Shirley Hufstedler who served under President Jimmy Carter. To this date, there have only been nine people to hold that position. To name a few, Terrell Bell was in Ronald Reagan’s Cabinet and Richard Riley was under Bill Clinton. Currently, that position is held by Arne Duncan who previously served as CEO of the Chicago Public Schools (ED.gov). A telephone interview was conducted with Monica at the Information Resource Center for the US Department of Education. She was posed the question, â€Å"What are some accomplishments by the United States Department of Education?† â€Å"There were two great accomplishments by the U.S. Department of Education. The first accomplishment was that of overseeing of the implementation of the elementary and secondary education as reauthorized by the No Child Left Behind Program in 1965. The second great accomplishment that comes to mind for me is that of the Higher Education Act (Monica)†. The No Child Left Behind Act is an Act that was signed into law by President Bush in 2002. The intention for this law is to improve the educational opportunities for disadvantaged students; to narrow the achievement gap. To do this, it required states to demonstrate annual progress in raising the percentage of students that understand in the subjects of math and reading by using standardized test scores. It set deadlines for the individual states to enlarge the target group of students tested and the frequency of that testing. The No Child Left Behind Act also increased funding for programs such as kindergarten through third grade reading programs, before school programs as well as after school programs, provide the states with the flexibility to use federal funds however they feel will best benefit their state (ED.gov). The Higher Education Act is an Act that helps to carry out a program of making grants and contracts designed to identify qualified individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds, to prepare them for a program of postsecondary education, to provide support services for such students who are pursuing programs of postsecondary education, to motivate and prepare students for doctoral programs, and to train individuals serving or preparing for service in programs and projects so designed (ED.gov). The passing of both of these acts into law have had a positive impact on the economy in more than one way. First, they have created employment positions within the government in order to serve the individuals who qualify for the educational programs. Second, they have given employment opportunities to the educated individuals who previously would not have those opportunities. Third, the next generation of family members will have a better foundation. They will have not grown up in poverty. Research Papers on Department of EducationStandardized TestingHip-Hop is ArtResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Fifth HorsemanRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThree Concepts of PsychodynamicPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyTwilight of the UAW

Humanities is enjoyable Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Humanities is enjoyable - Essay Example It is a prerequisite for many courses. It builds foundation for further learning in many areas of study. It introduces students to fields that deal with studies of human beings and their culture (Blessinger and Carfora, 2014). Learning humanities was helpful in acquiring knowledge on how human beings process and document human experience. The discipline included studying religion, music, philosophy, history, literature, and language of understanding the world. I realized that humanities have objectives that are speculative and critical. We also covered classical studies, law, anthropology, archaeology, semiotics, and communication studies (Zepeda and Mayock, 2014. We were able to discover historical backgrounds behind certain cultural events. After learning humanities as a discipline, I developed a comprehensive understanding of the human culture and social relations. During the sessions, we learnt that there are modes of expressions concerning some subjects that fall under the classification of humanities. After gaining knowledge on the discipline, we felt a sense of connection and appreciation towards our various cultures. Blessinger, Patrick, and Carfora, J, M.. 2014. Inquiry-Based Learning for the Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences A Conceptual and Practical Resource for Educators. Bradford: Emerald Group Publishing

Co-Evolution of Innovation Policy and Industrial Structure in Sweden Term Paper

Co-Evolution of Innovation Policy and Industrial Structure in Sweden - Term Paper Example   As interaction in the society gives rise to the development of institutions, manifold arbitrary behaviors ushers in those institutions which come in practice and thus become stereotyped norms of those institutions followed through time. So institutions become dire indicators of several outcomes of the many domains of the society. It is a general notion that the key indicators that promote economic development are the levels of investment, education, culture, governmental policies, income etc. But if rather viewing in a more magnified way, the social scientists of the modern world have claimed that it is the primary role of social institutions whereby the lieu of interaction between independent agents play a dominant role in accumulating valuable resources and fetching profits for the society. This notion of the institution acting as the primordial driving force of economic development is resonated in different arrangements of the society like property rights, microfinance, busine ss associations, the advice of developmental agencies in proposing minimal state intervention implying pro market paradigm etc. Institutional variations are a huge domain of study and focus in the modern industrialized world as it has been the real fact that the so-called differences between developed and developing nations have emerged. Many countries have emerged as superpowers and many countries are still stuck in a vicious circle of poverty and the main reason for this can be attributed to the diverse institutional innovation policies adopted and successfully implemented in the former case and lack of implementation of institutional innovation policies in the latter case. However, there are many instances of developing countries coming from the periphery and emerging as a nucleus of growth potential.  

Wal-Mart for a stratgic mangement and business policy essay

Wal-Mart for a stratgic mangement and business policy - Essay Example It has driven lesser retailers out of commerce; forced companies to be well-organized, commonly leading these suppliers to move industrial jobs overseas; and changed the routine that yet large and reputable productions do. Wal-Mart has existence over all the customer supplies industries that endure in the US, for the reason that it is the number-one supplier-retailer of the majority of our customer goods, not still toys, clothes, shoes but home applications, electronic goods, sporting products, food, bicycles, groceries (Anderson, 2003). Business strategy: By viewing the universal compaction and such a huge working structure of the Wal-Mart, I will suggest that they need to adopt low cost leadership theme for Wal-Mart. The reason behind this business strategy selection is that: in the present era we are facing a very hard competition from lot of competitors and the low prices Business strategy is the only solid and more attractive strategy in present environment (McCune, 1994). How this business strategy will facilitate and help the Wal-Mart in becoming a well established business? By this business strategy they can emphasize on selling high-quality. Wal-Mart low price philosophy will cut advertising expenses and reduce other expenses. It will create an image of reliability and fair play in the minds of clients. This Business strategy will become a defense against competition in the industry. Next I will present the program and main decision that they should take for the successful implementation of the strategy. They should develop a mechanism by which management controls the processes for directing, development, scheming, organizing, and controlling program operations. They should create a financial control that comprise comparison of what they have really accomplished with what they have premeditated in their budget and as such it is individual business task amongst a lot of, and encompasses but one facet of the wider practice of management

Reflection on Multi-Agency Working

Reflection on Multi-Agency Working Multi-agency working Introduction In this report it will be discussing a case conference that has previously taken place and reflect using the Gibbs cycle, (Eggers, 2002) on how the group work was and how the conference went. It will reflect on what happened, how could it of been better, what could be changed for future conferences. Next will be the challenges of multi-agency working that arise in a case conference and how you can overcome these. Then it will discuss the legislation on multi-agency working and how this can affect the people involved and what laws all people working with children must follow. Reflecting on working in a group Working in a group, I thought would make the assignment much easier and as a group I thought would help us all get different opinions into our work and by listening to each other’s views would give us a incite to what we could say in the conference and write about. This however was not the case I found this assignment one of the hardest as we had people in our group that did not live locally and also most of us have children, this being the case made it near impossible to get the group together outside of university. We did however try to overcome this as best as possible by meeting up with who we could when we could and by communication through email and text messaging with updates or with ideas for the scenario. If I had to work within a group again I would possibly change who I work with so that I am with people I know will be on the same working level as myself and that live more locally to make it easier to overcome not being able to meet up when needed. Reflecting on case conference In the case conference I feel that it went quite well, everything that was said linked to each other’s report where necessary. We had a main spokesperson at the meeting this was the social worker as she had all knowledge from all other members of the multi-agency team. Each person involved described a brief of what had been said and what they had already noted as part of the case. In the meeting we did not have Jasmine herself present as she was felt to be too young and venerable to be in the meeting with her mother present so we have an advocate on her behalf who was the Family support worker she described what she had assessed of Jasmine and her older brother had felt about the situation at home and how it was effecting them. Both the Safeguarding officer and the head teacher of the school explained what was disclosed to raise the awareness of a safeguarding and child protection issue. They also stated that there was a meeting with Jasmine and her mother previous to this cas e conference and even more issues were raised regarding not only Jasmines sexual experience but also that she is left at home a lot to look after a very young baby. As the safeguarding policy states that we must protect children from maltreatment, prevent bad health or development, making sure that children are growing up in safe and effective care and to take action to enable all children to have the best possible outcome. (Evans, 2012) The health visitor for Jasmines mother was also at the case conference to explain that when she goes to the house it is dirty with not much food in. It may not have been relevant for the health visitor to be in the conference as she had already reported her concerns before the school was aware of this current concerns and the social worker had already been notified about this previously. The mother of Jasmine had previously had a meeting with the social worker before the case conference and had agreed to attend the conference as well parenting classes and follow up meetings. The Social worker gave everyone the pre-arranged care plan and the mother had agreed to all of the care plan and another meeting was arranged to follow up these actions. A care plan is to make sure the children do not suffer from any more neglect and so they can assess that they are in suitable and stable family home environment. A plan of care is something that describes a straight forward way that the services and support being provided. It will be put together in agreement with the person who needs the support and services by planning and reviewing their needs. (Dubowitz and DePanfilis, 2000) Overall I think the case conference went well there could have been better communication leading up to the conference and we could of suggested further opportunities to help aid Jasmine and her family into the care plan. If I had to attend another case conference, I would look into services to support the children more and help the mother so that she can get financial help to better her living conditions and also help the food needs of the family such as food banks. Challenges of multi-agency working The challenges that arise within the multi-agency team, that were in the case conference were lack of communication. It was hard to contact everyone when needed this slowed down the process of gathering all information needed before the case conference. This is a problem that happens within all multi-agency, the issue of lack of communication happens across all various agencies and voluntary organisations, although it seems to be worse in the education sector. Atkinson (2002) This can be overcome by making phone appointments with the agency’s involved or booking appointments to have meetings every few weeks but as they may have many case this may not be possible this is why I think phone appointments would be quite sufficient. The other challenge we had within working as a multi-agency team was the responsibilities of the people involved and them understanding the roles of themselves as well as others. Some agencies didn’t seem to know who is responsible for what tasks and some moved beyond their existing roles in the case conference. This again comes down to the lack of communication within the group. Legislation In multi-agency working all members of all the different agencies, will have had a Disclosure and Barring Service check done also known as DBS, which used to be called Criminal Record Bureau (CRB) this is a checking system so that the suitability of professionals and volunteers who work with students are safe to work with students and also make sure all staff have the qualifications needed. (Gov.UK, 2014) Raising awareness of the student’s protection and making sure all students have the ability required to make them safe. Developing and implementing procedures for noticing and reporting cases, or possible cases, of abuse. Supporting students that are in or have been abused in accordance with his/her in agreement pre-arranged protection arrangement. Finally establishing a secure surroundings where all students will learn and develop in. Settings recognise that as the professionals who are in regular and frequent contact with the children and are well trained to look out for signs of abuse. The Setting in which they work are responsible that make sure all members of staff no and are trained in safeguarding to protection all students from abuse and from inappropriate and inadequate care. Therefore, the setting is committed to reacting in accordance should any problem arise. The Children Act 2004 presents the legal basis for the way social services and other groups maintain issues on the subject of children. These laws had been laid down so that all individuals who are worried about the wellbeing of children, within their home, schools or any childcare setting, are aware of how children and young people must be taken care of within the eyes of the legislation. The Children Act 2004 was planned to make children to be healthy and so that they are safe in their environments at all times. It also helps children to succeed and be the best they can be. They also help achieve economic permanency for our children’s futures. (Legislation.gov.uk, 2015) Management styles Social Worker Successful management of social workers involves an ability set that is somewhat vast and difficult. The manager needs to be highly qualified in many arenas and ought to be ready to make important life changing decisions. Evidence to work effectively as a multi-agency team Effective multi-agency working depends on four key areas: clarifying roles and responsibilities, engendering trust, mutual respect and understanding between agencies. An advantage of working effectively in a multi-agency team improved services, direct outcomes and prevention of child cases. It also improves access to services which helps families early on and can potentially stop any fatalities or neglect to children. The benefits of effective multi-agency work gives them a broader point of view, a greater figuring out of the issues. Multi-agency teams state that working with experts from other backgrounds is profitable and motivating. (Moran et al., 2007) How to improve multi-agency working To improve multi-agency working is combined working as well as getting best outcomes. This can be achieved by better information sharing between the agencies and raising awareness and understanding of other agencies. In addition, the promotion of a shared responsibility between the agencies. They need to supply more services to improving outcomes for children and families and improving educational achievement. This could be done, by working with other agencies and using their expertise so targets can be achieved. References Atkinson, M. (2002) multi-agency working: a detailed study, National Foundation for Educational Research: Berkshire Dubowitz, H. and DePanfilis, D. (2000). Handbook for child protection practice. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Eggers, H. (2002). Project Cycle Management: A Personal Reflection. Evaluation, 8(4), pp.496-504. Evans, M. (2012). Safeguarding and Welfare Requirements, part 1: Child protection. Nursery World, 2012(5). Gov.uk, (2014). Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) checks (previously CRB checks) GOV.UK. [Online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/disclosure-barring-service-check/overview [Accessed 13 Dec. 2014]. Legislation.gov.uk, (2015). Children Act 2004. [Online] Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/31/contents [Accessed 10 Jan. 2015]. Moran, P., Jacobs, C., Bunn, A. and Bifulco, A. (2007). Multi-agency working: implicationfor an early-intervention social work team. Child Family Social Work, 12(2), pp.143-151.

The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Lawrence Durrells Zero and Asylum in the Snow :: Wallpaper Asylum gilman Durrell Essays

"The Yellow Wallpaper" by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Lawrence Durrell's "Zero and Asylum in the Snow" Society is a close-knit unit of individuals who unknowingly conform to an ideal set by them. The ideal that I speak of is not set in stone, but is ever changing, as is society. This changing ideal appears to be threatened by individual thinkers who rebel against social norms and who refuse to support conformity. This rebellion is exemplified in "The Yellow Wallpaper," written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and in Lawrence Durrell's story, "Zero and Asylum in the Snow." These stories both involve characters that are labelled as sick in relation to the people who 'mesh' well with society. Society, however, has peculiar methods of healing these characters and succeeds only to force them further away from reality and deeper into a conscious dream world. 'Conscious' in the previous line, refers to how one may dream while awake, yet no outsider may become involved in the dream. A dream world is not necessarily a bad place to dwell, and is only perceived as being bad because not everyone can freely enter its walls. Moreover, the walls are unique to each dreamer, therefore, are transparent. This uniqueness is shown in the short stories I am focusing on. For Durrell, the walls were as white as snow, and for Gilman they are covered in crude yellow wallpaper. When reading these stories, it is easy for one to become confused. It is difficult for the reader to understand exactly what is trying to be said, because these stories are so personal. Durrell and Gilman attempt to give some form of insight into their characters minds, but we as readers are restricted by our thoughts. How can we conceive another's dream world? It is possible only through an open mind; one must not think that the author is talking about nonsense, for this way of thinking proves the success society has in grooming our thoughts to fit within its standards. In "Zero and Asylum in the Snow," we are introduced to a character that seems to be rambling to some unknown person about nonsensical illusions of snow, farmyards, Christianity, and five other existing characters. As one progresses through the story, one realizes that the snow Durrell writes of is everywhere. It surrounds the character, which is later revealed to be Durrell himself, and "chimes about [them] and [he] can do nothing, nothing.

Management Yesterday and Today Essay

When identifying unit process inputs and outputs, try to talk with employees working with those processes. However, while these employees will give good information, some inputs and waste outputs may be overlooked because they are too familiar with the process. Talk to other employees and, perhaps more importantly, walk around the business premises and take a good look. For every input, there must be a corresponding output. Make sure that there is an output for each input to a unit process. If there is a weight change in a raw material or product, account for the difference and make sure it is included in the input/output diagram. Remember all wash water, atmospheric emissions, dust and any pollution. Balancing inputs and outputs is a useful method of tracking down waste outputs that may otherwise be overlooked. On the other hand, system in supermarkets depend on employees, suppliers, customers and even the competition for research, development and profit. Because the business doesn’t have control af all the environmental forces, it relies on predictions and contingencies to cope with unempected input. During the 1960s, researchers began to analyse organisations from a systems perspective, a concept taken from the physical sciences. A system is a set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole. The two basic types of systems are closed and open. Closed systems are not influenced by, and do not interact with, their environment. In contrast, open systems dynamically interact with their environment. Today, when we describe organisations as systems, we mean open systems. An organization takes in inputs (resources) from the environment and transforms or processes these resources into outputs that are distributed into the environment. The orga nisation is ‘open’ to, and interacts with, that environment (Robbins, Stagg, Bergman & Coulter, 2008, p. 52). System researchers envisioned an organisation as being made up of ‘interdependent factors, including individuals, groups, attitudes, motives, formal structure, interactions, goals, status, and authority’. What this means is  that managers coordinate the work activities of the various parts of the organisation and ensure that all the interdependent parts of the organisation are working together so that the organisation’s goals can be achieved. For example, the systems approach would recognise that, no matter how efficient the production department might be, if the marketing department does not anticipate changes in customer tastes and work with the product development department in creating products customers wants, the organisation’s overall performance will suffer (Robbins, Stagg, Bergman & Coulter, 2008, p. 52). In addition, the systems approach implies that decisions and actions taken in one organisational area will affect others, and vice versa. For example, if the purchasing department does not acquire the right quantity and quality of inputs, the production department will not be able to do its job effectively (Robbins, Stagg, Bergman & Coulter, 2008, p. 53). Finally, the systems approach recognises that organisations are not self-contained. They rely on their environments for essential inputs and as sources to absorb their outputs (Robbins, Stagg, Bergman & Coulter, 2008, p. 53).

Digital Marketing Mix - Google Essay

Digital Marketing Mix - Google Essay Free Online Research Papers Introduction The term marketing mix became popularized after Neil H. Borden published his 1964 article, The Concept of the Marketing Mix. Borden began using the term in his teaching in the late 1940s after James Culliton had described the marketing manager as a mixer of ingredients. E. Jerome McCarthy later grouped these ingredients into the four categories that today are known as the 4 Ps of marketing. Marketing decisions generally fall into the following four controllable categories: Product, Price, Place (distribution) and Promotion. These four Ps are the parameters that the marketing manager can control, subject to the internal and external constraints of the marketing environment. The goal is to make decisions that center the four Ps on the customers in the target market in order to create perceived value and generate a positive response. Broadly defined, optimizing the marketing mix is the primary responsibility of marketing. By offering the product with the right combination of the four Ps marketers can improve their results and marketing effectiveness. Making small changes in the marketing mix is typically considered to be a tactical change. Making large changes in any of the four Ps can be considered strategic. For example, a large change in the price, say from $19.00 to $39.00 would be considered a strategic change in the position of the product. However, a change of $131 to $130.99 would be considered a tactical change, potentially related to a promotional offer. The term Marketing Mix however, does not imply that the 4P elements represent options. They are not trade-offs but are fundamental marketing issues that always need to be addressed. They are the fundamental actions that marketing requires whether determined explicitly or by default. Googles Marketing Mix Google was founded by two Stanford University students, at their dorm room, in 1995. Google has become the world’s most popular search engine since then and can attribute its success to an innovative marketing plan. The culture of Google is similar to many of the dotcoms of the 90’s. Most employee workstations are surrounded by leisure activities such as rollerblading, coffee lounges and an array of toys, such as scooters and rubber balls, strewn throughout the building. The culture was built to suit the habits of a generation of computer nerds who were tired of sitting in cubicles. Google is unique in where the employees really had helped develop a tool that was needed by everyone who had an internet connection. It found a good market niche and followed the path of innovation to market itself as the strong company that everyone knows today. Google’s marketing plan can be broken down into the four P’s of marketing; product, price, promotion and place. Google has taken into consideration each one of these areas of marketing and used them as an advantage over their competitors. Product Google offers services as a form of it product to its customers. The products they offer falls into industrial products; Google’s’ business products offer services to their customers such as advertising and providing their search technology to solve companies’ search problems within their intranet. Also, they also sell tangible items along with its service or hybrid offers and also sell â€Å"pure† products. Google categorizes their products into three classes: Advertising solutions, Business Solutions, and the Google Store. In their Advertising solutions, they offer Google’s AdWords. Google offers text-based ads that are precise to the search on the site of the user and the customers pay Google every time internet search users click on their site. They help the customers to set up their site as the volume of visitors to the customer site’s increases. Price Google’s price for AdWords is set on the amount of advertisement per day it provides its consumers. In Google’s case the list price is at five cents per day, however, it can go as high as $50.00 per day. The price difference will depend on the amount of advertisement per day that the consumers are willing to pay and the amount of times individuals click to see the ads and how high these ads rank on a search page. Discounts are another element of price setting. The three types of discounts are quantity, trade, and cash. Quantity discounts are offered to consumers for buying in bulks or in large quantities. Google at the moment is not providing its customers with discounts nor allowances in its Google AdWords program Last but not least, the credit terms required by an organization to finalize the product price. Google’s structure tightly relates payment periods with credit terms, yet each organizations credit terms vary depending on the type of industry. As mentioned earlier, Google provides a monthly credit limit for those customers with the good financial record. The credit limit starts at $50.00 a month and it can increase to more than $500.00 a month. Promotion Google relies greatly on word of mouth to develop and expand their innovative brand. The more credible a brand is, the more widely its reputation will spread. Google, like Kleenex and Xerox, has become so pervasive that the brand name is used as an ordinary word. Google’s convenient service and precise search results have made it one of the world’s best-known brands and search engines almost completely through word of mouth from satisfied users. Google’s outstanding results it has compelled its dedicated users to inform everyone else about their remarkable search engine. Google’s growth is proof of the power of viral marketing, without the need for massive advertising budgets. With viral marketing, customers become the company’s advertisers by telling their friends who in turn pass on the news to their friends until it gets out of hand and word of mouth results. Google is definitely a successful word of mouth and a word of mouth circulates based on the quality of the product. Their best reference is a friend and with enough friends, they will create a buzz and significant exposure by word of mouth, the ultimate branding technique. Word of mouth centered on quality, not publicizing, prevails in the new business environment. Place Google’s place is the internet. When it comes to Google and trying to target their consumers, the people on the Internet, no one does it better. Google is one of about four search engines that have significant results. Google and Alltheweb do the best crawling. Google has been selling out only recently, and still shows some pure search residue from its early roots. Just as Microsoft was late to recognize the importance of the Internet, they are once again unprepared to take on Yahoo and Google. In 2003 Microsoft began experimenting with their own crawler at a very low level. Good search engines need many months of practice before they can crawl the web effectively, and order the results so that searchers perceive them to be relevant. Conclusion The thing that Google does so much better than the other search engines is they bring up the closest matching websites and are not biasing the search with any paid advertisements. They must continue to separate the paid search results with the organic search results. Lastly, Google should continue to be innovative and try new things. They are constantly using technology and bright minds to come up with useful tools for everyday use. They also have a wide variety of services available to businesses that most overlook. To keep up with technology and push its boundaries in the web world, Google hires the best of the best. Many people say they can’t remember what life was like without Google and with its continued innovation, there will be many more people added to that list. References As retrieved on January 12, 2009 netmba.com/marketing/mix/ As retrieved on January 12, 2009 quickmba.com/marketing/mix/ As retrieved on January 12, 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_mix As retrieved on January 12, 2009 http://articles.castelarhost.com/google_four_ps_marketing_mix_conclusion.htm Armstrong, Gary, and Philip Kotler. Marketing: An Introduction. 6th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2003. Elgin, Ben. â€Å"Google:Beyond the Hype.† BusinessWeek 3 May 2004: 82-90. Louis E. Boone, and David L. Kurtz. Contemporary Marketing Plus. 8th ed. Florida: The Dryden Press, 1995. Research Papers on Digital Marketing Mix - Google EssayDeveloping Branding StrategiesInternational PaperGene One the Transition from Private to PublicDefinition of Export QuotasFalse AdvertisingDistance Learning Survival GuideA Marketing Analysis of the Fast-Food RestaurantDr. Edward Deming EssayAdvertising EssayCash or Card?

5 Questions to Answer in Your University Book Review

5 Questions to Answer in Your University Book Review 5 Questions to Answer in Your University Book Review At first thought, it seems that there is no difference between a book review, book report and book summary. The only true fact is that all these types of writing deal with a book. However, among the three a book review has a special purpose to describe, analyse and evaluate books citing evidence and examples from the book in question. Many students are not sure that they’re on the right way while working on a university book review. As a result, they can get very low scores for it. Want to be highly assessed? Bring 5 questions into focus to answer them in your book review. 1.   Who is the Author of the Book? In a book review, you have to give credit to the author. The author’s name and background should be part of an introduction. You can also state the perspective from which the author wrote the book and evaluate if he or she was biased in favour of writing the book or not. Besides, focus on the question why the author wrote on this subject rather than on some other subject. 2.   What is the Thesis of the Book? A good book review has two theses the author’s thesis and your thesis based on how you understand the book. Concerning the authors thesis, you should explain whether he or she expresses it adequately in the book and by what means. Cite examples from the book to support your claims. Another thesis brings new insight into the book content and should help readers understand it from different perspectives. You can provide both   evaluations positive and negative. 3.   Was the Intended Message Delivered Effectively? Every book intends to carry a particular message to the audience. A clear message is meant to emerge from writing. It is your task as a student to determine what message the author intended to communicate and whether he/she effectively got across this message. Feel free to criticize anything that you feel the author didn’t capture perfectly. After all, that’s the essence of a book review be critical. To critically analyze and evaluate a book in your review! 4.   What are the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Book? A book review is not yet complete if you don’t highlight various strengths and weaknesses belonging to the book under consideration. It is recommended that you have a paragraph with each point. Cite evidence from the book by explaining them, otherwise, your book review won’t be reliable as required. For each weakness, you should provide a possible solution that can help improve the book. 5.   Is there an Alternative Way of Arguing the Same Idea? It is within the bounds of possibility that people can be on opposite ends. When it comes to a book review, don’t forget to demonstrate the other ways of presenting the same idea. Irrespective of whether the author argued his/her ideas effectively you should evaluate whether there are possible alternatives to it. State them and explain how each of them would have brought a whole new dimension into the book. There are a few basic questions that you have to answer when writing a university book review. We have highlighted them that you should pay attention to so that you’ll be able to write a really good book review. Another way to complete a review without being confused is to apply our custom writing service for buying book reviews online. Our academic writers are ready to help you out immediately you ask for assistance.

Final Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Final Marketing Plan - Essay Example The varied forms of telemedicines include the combination of audio, videophone, imaging, and health informatics data from one particular location to another. The main crux of telemedicine would be to cater to the needs and requirements of the patients living in isolated communities and do not have financial means of purchasing the products. These also come with additional devices along with medical support and other forms of health care devices. The study will deal with the launch of a fictional medical robot which is a form of telemedicine and will help in solving varied complex health care problems. The author of the study will include the marketing activities involved in the initiation of the launch of the medical robot device. Finally, the study will conclude with the various Customer Relationship Management techniques used by the management to penetrate further into the target market. Objectives &Mission Statement The mission of the company would be to offer state of the art tel emedicine facilities, which would provide the patients certain clinical advantages that other medical companies cannot provide. The objectives of the company would be to offer state of the art medical facilities’ and devices, which have the potentially of garnering attention from the patients and customers. The health report provided by these medical devices would not provide a medial description of the patient but also an in depth analysis of the precautions to be taken by the patients. In short, the main objective of the healthy robot would be to disseminate information about the timely prevention measures to be undertaken by the patient. Target Market Since, the main objective of the healthy robot would be to test and detect the current health state of the customers the primary target population would be the patients suffering from chronic diseases. Secondly, the target population would also include the customers, who are extremely health conscious and would want the robot to keep a constant check on their health situation. Thirdly, it would also include the customers, who want to purchase the telemedicinal product for gifting purposes. The targeting population has been decided by taking an estimated population of the diabetic patients in the United States of America (USA). Market for Telemedicinal Products Telemedicinal product would include varied segments which can be categorized into tele-health, telemedicine, video and mobile health services (Cravens, 2010). The telemedicine market is very mature and has provided clinical care with the help of advanced telemonitoring and tele health systems. The telemedicine market has been worth valuation of $2.9 billion (Transparency Market Research, 2012) The tele health phone system is more advanced than any other health systems and presently it is expected to reach market valuation of $2440 million during the tenure 2012 to 2018 (Transparency Market Research, 2012) Thus, keeping in mind the present market d ynamics and the need of tele medicinal products among the growing patients, the manufactures

Impact of oil exploration, extraction and transport 2 Essay

Impact of oil exploration, extraction and transport 2 - Essay Example Because of these, several legislations were enacted and promulgated, with worthwhile efforts being put up to control pollution and its related consequences. The responsibility of ensuring that these legislations and other recommendations were followed to the later became the mandate of the municipalities and oil exploration companies. After implementation of these structures, a remarkable reduction in the environmental problems that had earlier been common was experienced. The process of making decisions over perceived impacts of risks in the environmental situation involves coming up with various management decisions that rely on the proper assessment of probable risks that would arise from various environmental practices (Trefry 2003 150). In the U.S, the government has established a general structure to be used in making such decisions basing on the considerations for human health. These guidelines are useful in the process of determining the health and environmental impacts that certain economic activities can have on the people and the environmental in general. These guidelines have been used in various places with much success in the exploration industry for oil, gas and other petroleum products. Constant power supply is essential in the process of power generation; this is because, constant power supply facilitates the process of exploration. It facilitates the machines involved in the process thereby enhancing a smooth exploration and success in the process. The idea of installing a generator in the exploration site was informed by the need for having persistence in the exploration process and enhancing the safety of the people in the exercise. The chief engineer at the plant, John Akosa, ought to have established clear steps in the process of installing the generator so that there would not have been any loss of resource

Environmental Issues (Environmental Protection, Specific Industries, Research Paper

Environmental Issues (Environmental Protection, Specific Industries, etc.) of Southeast Asia - Research Paper Example However, with the development in an economy, the requirement to protect the quality of the environment for that particular country also augments. Thus, it can be observed that there exists a complex association between the environment of a country and its international business activities. It has also been observed that industries tend to move their business operations to the developing countries from the already developed ones. From a realistic point of view, companies find developed nations to enforce stern policies regarding their environment compared to the developing countries (Mukhopadhyay, â€Å"Impact on the Environment of Thailand’s Trade with OECD Countries†). Thailand is being lately considered to be among the rapidly developing economies among all the countries in South-East Asia. The standard annual pace of economic development between the periods of 1980 to 2004 has been around 7% at an average. This economic development has been attributed to the non-inte rventionist trade policy of that country which did act as the chief force and foundation stone for this development. There has been a noteworthy boost in the exports as well as in the imports of the country (Mukhopadhyay, â€Å"Impact on the Environment of Thailand’s Trade with OECD Countries†). Long-Established and Continuing Bilateral Relationships The issue of environmental pollution is becoming a vital concern and is developing to be a problem especially in the city areas of Thailand. The history of amicable relation and exchange of traditions between Japan and Thailand dates back to above 600 years. Therefore, it becomes apparent that there exists a strong relationship of trading activities between these two countries. The mutual association between them is getting stronger and closer over the years, especially in the economic front. This can be attributed to the flourishing business of Japan and its extended investments as well as the continuous shifting of techn ological skill and expertise into Thailand. Japan is also said to be the largest provider of Official Development Assistance (ODA) towards Thailand. In regard to direct foreign investment in Thailand, Japan continues remaining to be the biggest foreign contributor in that country. However, a dip in the quantity of invested capital was recorded owing to the Asian economic as well as currency crisis in the year 1997. This close association among the two countries has also triggered the increase in the amount of visitors from Japan to Thailand. The intention of travel has surpassed the commercial requirement and expanded into exploring places of interest in the country of Thailand. Due to this reason, quite a significant amount of Japanese residents can be found in the various parts of Thailand, majority of who are supposed to be the employees of Japanese organizations. All the above mentioned factors are escalating the population of that country as a result of which there has been a s ignificant boost in the modes of transportation in that country. This augmentation in the transportation forms is triggering the

The Violence Runner Essay Example for Free

The Violence Runner Essay Throughout the history, there have been leaders of good and evil, moral and immoral, peaceful and violent alike. Sometimes, when the evil takes power and misuses it, the staggering impact they entail in the society can be appalling and outrageous. In Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner, Assef is exemplary of an evil leader who misuses his power and stands in the frontlines of crippling Afghanistan and its people into a pitch-black mist of chaos. First of all, Hosseini places Assef under the perfect setting in which the author bestows Assef the opportunity to develop his power as an antagonist in the novel. Throughout the history, there have been leaders of good and evil, moral and immoral, peaceful and violent alike. Sometimes, when the evil takes power and misuses it, the staggering impact they entail in the society can be appalling and outrageous. In Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner, Assef is exemplary of an evil leader who misuses his power and stands in the frontlines of crippling Afghanistan and its people into a pitch-black mist of chaos. First of all, Hosseini places Assef under the perfect setting in which the author bestows Assef the opportunity to develop his power as an antagonist in the novel. In the nineteenth century, Hazaras fails to rise against the Pashtuns in Afghanistan, and subsequently, discrimination against the Hazaras becomes prevalent in the society. In this type of environment, Assef naturally gains superiority over the Hazaras as a Pashtun and forms discriminative views and ethnic hatred towards them. It is even understandable for Assef to claim Adolf Hitler, the infamous dictator who relentlessly exterminated millions of Jews and other ethnic groups, to be a great leader, â€Å"a man with vision. † (Hosseini, page 40) This is because to Assef, Hitler is his role model; Assef believes that Hazaras should be exterminated from the face of the earth, as he is determined to ask Daoud Khan, the newly president, â€Å"to rid Afghanistan of all the dirty, Kaseef Hazaras. † (Hosseini, page 40) This way, Assef naturally develops his relentlessness and sadism that he fully makes usage out of. His violent mindset against the Hazaras leads him to later join the Taliban, in which he gains the position to freely kill Hazaras without punishment, and relentlessly ties up Afghanistan in a bundle of Taliban laws. As we can see, Assef uses his superiority over the Hazaras that he gains from the society that he lives in, and manipulates it fully to dominate over the ethnic group. To control and frighten them he would often times use violence as his tool. Assef rules the streets of Wazir Akbar Khan section of Kabul with his notorious savagery and relentless violence. In the streets of the Wazir Akbar Khan, Assef’s â€Å"word is law†, and if the law is broken, then his stainless-steel brass knuckles are used accordingly as a punishment. (Hosseini, pag3 38) Here, Hosseini uses stainless-steel brass knuckles as a significant motif throughout the novel, and also a symbol of violence and dominating power. Whenever we see Assef performing violence on somebody, we can observe emergence of his brass knuckles. When Hassan defends Amir against Assef with his slingshot, Assef tells Hassan and Amir, â€Å"this doesn’t end today, believe me. † (Hosseini, page 42) This suggests that Assef is a relentless, merciless and vengeful figure, foreshadowing his later revenge against Hassan and Amir. The brass knuckles appear again towards the end of the novel, when Assef beats Amir miserably with his brass knuckles â€Å"flashing in the afternoon light,† and thus fulfilling his warning and revenge that he had in his childhood. (Hosseini, page 288) These brass knuckles clearly represent physical domination on those who do not have such power; these multiple scenes of the recurring emergence of the brass knuckles suggest that violence is his power, his way to rule. Despite Assef’s unbearable deeds of violence, he holds one power that not everyone has: the power to change one’s life completely. Rape is a significant motif that is used throughout the novel by Assef. The reason why this motif is so crucial is that through rape, Assef destroys one’s integrity, emotional stability and dignity, and fully dominates them both physically and emotionally. Two significant cases would be Hassan’s rape and the other, Sohrab’s rape. By raping Hassan, Assef destroys two individuals: Hassan, who faces emotional trauma and breakdown afterwards, and Amir. Assef raping Hassan is the source of Amir feeling guilty and in remorse of not standing up for Hassan, and eventually leads him to make Hassan leave his family and ends up feeling guilty in his entire life, until he finds Sohrab alive and to redeem himself, plunges himself in the Taliban world to save Sohrab. Clearly, Assef held the key to change both lives. On the other hand, Sohrab’s life is changed dramatically through rape. As a result, Sohrab loses speech ability and feels extremely guilty, as he claims himself to be â€Å"so dirty and full of sin. † (Hosseini, page 319). These two â€Å"lambs†, Hassan and Sohrab, are sacrificed as a result of Assef’s misuse of power. Assef is clearly a violent man who holds the power in The Kite Runner. Assef makes full use of the power that he naturally gains in the society that he lives in, fully develops it and holds the key to change the society dramatically. He is the violence runner, to whom violence is always the solution to problems. Bibliography: Hosseini, Khaled. The Kite Runner. New York: Riverhead, 2003. Print.

The Concept Of Integrated Marketing Communication Marketing Essay

The Concept Of Integrated Marketing Communication Marketing Essay As defined by the American Association of Advertising Agencies, integrated marketing communications is a concept of marketing communications planning that recognizes the added value of a comprehensive plan (Elliott, 2012, P:491). Integrated Marketing Communications, on the one hand, covering advertising, promotion, public relations, direct marketing, CI, packaging, media and all other dissemination activities put into the scope of marketing activities. On the other hand, to enables enterprises are unified dissemination of information communicated to the customer. Its central idea is based on business communication with customers satisfied the value of customer needs as oriented to determine the enterprise unified promotional strategy and coordinate use of various means of communication. Performing the advantage of the different communication tools in order to enabling enterprises achieve promotional low cost and impact of high-strength form promotional climax. Most national brands us e all parts of the mix, each in proportion to the needs of the product. Cereal makers, for example, concentrate most efforts and money on advertising and sales promotions, such as coupons. Other products call for different mix ratios, with some mix components completely eschewed. In addition to these key promotional tools, the marketer can also use other techniques, such as exhibitions and product placement in movies, songs or video games, which have been growing in popularity in recent years. Before proceeding any further, however, it is important to stress that promotional mix decisions should not be made in isolation. As we saw with pricing, all aspects of the marketing mix need to be blended together carefully. The promotional mix used must be aligned with the decisions made with regard to product, pricing and distribution, in order to communicate benefits to a target market. From the facts of the case study, Pepsi used a new approach in its marketing communication. Pepsi holds the number one, third and fourth position among music, overall position among all companies, and entertainment channels. It gives a significant contribution on the music channels with 12.81% share of coverage and holds the first position in that category. It has the third position on the whole TV media with overall 4.29% share of coverage, the effectiveness of which is reported in reduction by researchers (Kotler Keller 2006, p.576). Similarly, it comes at number fourth on entertainment channels. Overall, these new media win the trust of consumers by connecting with them at a deeper level. Meanwhile it increases sales and bringing a better brand and corporate image for Pepsi. Marketers are taking note of many different social media opportunities and beginning to implement new social initiatives at a higher rate than ever before. Social media marketing and the businesses that utilize it have become more sophisticated. In order to maintain the vitality of enterprises, marketers should be flexible and effectively change the media habits of customers so as to maintain the brand fresh and attractive Q2. How effectively has Pepsi integrated digital and traditional media for the promotion of their products? Provide examples of digital media used. Nowadays millions of consumers converse on a daily basis in online communities, discussion forums, blogs and social networks. They turn to the Internet to share opinions, advice, grievances and recommendations. It has been said that traditional media is losing its face value and that the Internet is a fad and digital only applies to the millennium generation. While that may seem true, if you want to stay on the innovative cusp for your business, use both traditional and internet media marketing and here are some reasons why: 1. Online conversations can power or deflate a companys brand. 2. Discover specific issues that are being discussed around your company, brand or organization and create feedback to these issues. 3. There may be events, trends and issues that may be influencing industry and brand buzz. 4. Measure how your online and offline marketing campaigns resonate with consumers. 5. Leverage word-of-mouth to drive brand credibility, and ultimately sales if you use face-to-face marketing, Internet Marketing, Search Engine Optimization Strategy, and Social Media Strategy correctly. People are more tend to communicate through both word-of-mouth and social media when they are engaged with the product, service, or idea. This engagement may come naturally for supporters of causes, political candidates, and trendy new technological products. However, it can also be creatively stimulated for products and services which generate less psychological involvement of customers. For example, Pepsi (2008) uses its Pepsi Stuff online customer loyalty program to engage consumers by enabling them to redeem points for MP3 downloads, television show downloads, CDs, DVDs, electronics, and apparel. Campaign participants are also allowed to participate in sweepstakes drawings for larger prizes, such as home theater systems and trip giveaways. Coca Cola (2008) has a similar campaign entitled My Coke Rewards. According to Nielson research, TV users watch more than ever before (an average of 127 hrs, 15 min per month) and these users are spending 9% more time using the Internet (26 hrs, 26 min per month) from last year. Approximately 220 million Americans have Internet access at home and/or work with a growing number using the Internet for research and social media. Knowing this research, traditional media entertains and communicates to a mass audience whereas digital media entertains, communicates with, and engages the individual. The benefits of digital media can be highly measurable and marketers can often see a direct effect in the form of improved sales in addition to establishing a direct link with the consumer. This can also be cost effective. However, the pitfalls of digital marketing can be that the medium is new, constantly changing and evolving with results that vary. Digital media is known as digitized content (text, graphics, audio and video) that can be transmitted over the Internet. Recently, Pepsi immensely interest in digital and social media. PepsiCo has put more energy and financial resources for digital media, and nearly one-third of the companys budget has been used in the digital realm. But Pepsi still can not ignore the power of traditional media. Traditional media has a higher degree of trust than the electronic media. On the content, traditional media will be further description of the relevance directed on big news events and enhance the audience to participate in the interactive feel of the news events. This is the new electronic media can not match. Q3. How might Pepsi measure the effectiveness of its new campaign? Provide examples. Basically, relatively simple measurements are used by marketers to gauge the effectiveness of its promotional or advertising campaigns. These are mainly reflected in the aspects of product, price, promotion, consumer feedback. Meeting its objectives is the best measurement of a campaigns effectiveness of its ability. From the case study, Pepsis objectives could be: To enable a company to control its marketing plan. To help to motivate individual and terms to reach a common goal. To provide an agreed, consistent focus for all functions of an organization. All objectives should be SMART i.e. Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Timed Specific- Be precise about what are going to achieve Measurable- Quality your objectives Achievable- Are you attempting too much? Realistic- Do you have the resource to make the objective happen Time- state when you will achieve the objective? Marketing Share Objectives To gain more market for soft drinks industry 2. Profitability Objectives To achieve more return on capital employed 3. Promotional Objectives To increase awareness of the product on the market. 4. Objectives for survival To survive the current market war between competitors. 5. Objectives for Growth To increase the size of the worldwide Coca Cola enterprise. Generally, Pepsi could use the following to measure the campaigns effectiveness: Stimulate an increase in sales Remind customers of the existence of a product Inform customers Build a brand image Build customer loyalty and relationship Change customer attitudes Marketing efforts that are ineffective are a drain of time and money for the company; by evaluating each strategy, companies can pare down a marketing plan to the most powerful parts. For the most efficient marketing plan, conduct a review of the marketing strategy periodically throughout the year. Begin each new effort by building in monitoring mechanisms that will make the evaluation process a natural part of each marketing campaign or activity.

The Explanatory Gap: The Responses of Horgan and Papineau Essay

The Explanatory Gap: The Responses of Horgan and Papineau The what it is like to undergo an experience is essential to understanding that experience. Known by philosophers as subjective qualia, these characteristics are part of what makes a felt experience exactly that experience. If we introspect our own mental states, this seems apparent and incontrovertible. Most philosophers are unwilling to grant that subjective qualia are non-physical states, and attempts to face this problem and maintain physicalism must address arguments from qualia. While differing physical explanations for these subjective qualia exist, I will only briefly refer to them here as qualia will serve only as a means of leading the reader to the Explanatory Gap(1). The Explanatory Gap is a uniquely puzzling problem for physicalist philosophies of mind. The felt qualities of any experience, in addition to being essential to and inseparable from that very experience, are also perspectivally subjective. This means that the experiencer must be experiencing those felt qualities now or have felt them at some previous time and be recalling them to have a full concept of the phenomena. Perhaps this philosophical language will be more understandable with examples of what is really another readily apparent notion- Could a person know the awfulness of pain if she was born without the capacity to feel any pains? Could a person experience the specific joy of strawberries and Champagne without ever having had this exact experience? It would be difficult to deny that subjective qualia are perspectivally unique. One would face seemingly absurd possibilities such as feeling someone else's pains, and not having any subjective character to your own phenomenal experienc... ... from Kripke by Joseph Levine, "Materialism And Qualia: The Explanatory Gap," Pacific Philosophic Quarterly, Vol. 64, eds. Hartry Field, Barbara Herman, Brian Loar, Miles Morgan, 1983; p.359. 8 This paragraph and the next are a paraphrase of Terence Horgan, "Jackson On Physical Information And Qualia" Philosophical Quarterly, 34: (1984) 147-52. 9 David Papineau's position is taken from chapter 4 of his book Philosophical Naturalism, entitled "Consciousness and the Antipathetic Fallacy." I acquired this from the world wide web @ http://www.kcl.ac.uk/kis/schools/hums/philosophy/ch4.html, but it was published in print in 1993. 10 Ibid., this connection is made in a footnote by Papineau to Horgan on the eighth page of chapter 4 (I am afraid I don't know the printed version's page number). 11 Ibid., page 11 of chapter 4. 12 Ibid., page 18 of chapter 4.